|
Clarence Samuel Stein (June 19, 1882 – February 7, 1975) was an American urban planner, architect, and writer, a major proponent of the Garden City movement in the United States. == Biography == Stein was born in Rochester, New York into an upwardly mobile Jewish family. While a youth, his family transplanted to New York City. There he was immersed in the milieu surrounding the Ethical Culture Society, attending its Workshop School and developing his sensibilities within the context of Progressive thought: the integration of physical and mental labor, the importance of a universal humanistic philosophy, the concept of a nurtured individualistic sensibility. Intense, even overwrought, the young Stein had a nervous collapse shortly before he was scheduled to leave for college, experiencing a bout of what was then called neurasthenia, for which he was sent to Florida to endure a rest cure. He returned to New York but did not immediately matriculate; instead, he worked in his family's casket business, where the combination of physical and mental labor matched the philosophy in which he'd been educated. After a year or so, he prepared to attend college; one essential step was the American upper-middle-class version of the Grand Tour: travel to the artistic and cultural centers of Europe, in this case in the company of his father. Returning to the United States, he again postponed university education, immersing himself in work in the Progressive settlement house movement. In concert with his brothers and a small cohort of like-minded young men, many of whom would be influential partners for the rest of his career, Stein started the Young Men's Municipal Club, an organization modeled on many other such burgeoning social-studies movements, and dedicated like them to studying and then agitating for improvements to the chaotic life of the modern city. While at work on this urban mission, Stein began to take classes at Columbia University, but they were not the traditional liberal-arts courses appropriate to a prosperous and gifted young man at an Ivy League academy. Instead, he focused on the courses newly appearing at Columbia under the influence of the Pragmatists and Progressives: cabinet making, furniture design, and design more generally. Having been deeply impressed by the vision of modern Paris while on his European tour, Stein decided to attend the prestigious, though still deeply conservative École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. Training at the École as an architect-designer, even as late as the early 20th century, meant an immersion in what is today known as Beaux-Arts Neoclassicism, a historicist architectural style that sought to train architects—and artists—to stay within the grand traditions that began with the Greeks, passed through Rome and then the Renaissance, and emerged as the dominant style of French culture. Upon returning to the United States, Stein joined the office of the deeply conservative Gothic-Revival architect Bertram Goodhue and his more illustrious, but equally conservative, partner, Ralph Adams Cram in 1911 and contributed to three of Goodhue's large-scale projects of the time: the 1915 Panama-California Exposition in San Diego, California, the company town of Tyrone, New Mexico, and the master plan and individual buildings for the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. In 1919 Stein started his own practice in New York, and in 1921 began his long association with fellow architect Henry Wright. In 1923 Stein also co-founded the Regional Planning Association of America to address large-scale planning issues such as affordable housing, the impact of sprawl, and wilderness preservation. Other founding members included Lewis Mumford and Benton MacKaye; the RPAA helped MacKaye develop his vision for what would become the Appalachian Trail. From 1923 to 1926 Stein served as chairman for the New York State Housing and Regional Planning Commission. Stein travelled extensivelly outside of the USA and established friendship with among others Swedish statesman-planner Yngve Larsson. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Clarence Stein」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|